How can you apply this guidance to your own reports Essay Example for Free

How might you apply this direction to your own reports Essay Let's be honest that as a general rule, regardless of what sort of introduction you were going to introduce weve all endured some quite terrible introductions. While conveying a report, you need to build up the crowds consideration and purchase in inside the initial 30 seconds in such a case that you dont have their consideration from the earliest starting point and have the option to keep up enthusiasm all through the introduction, your message is lost. So it is essential to some way or another follow the accompanying tips on the most proficient method to get the consideration of your crowds: be certain you are sufficiently touchy to the requirements of your crowds, manufacture solid associations with them, have the option to control your style and tone, keep up a solid feeling of manners, accentuate the positive and utilize a predisposition free language. For thinking about your crowds, it is satisfying in the event that you were going to fulfill their requirements and have the option to denoted a decent learning. Considering the things we have to think about (theoretical) peruser to make a fruitful proposition, as a matter of first importance we have to distinguish who our objective market is. Giving us the plan to what part of data should the author centers his/her proposition. After this, the author must have the option to give consideration on the interests of the perusers. Giving the perusers a thought on the best way to effectively direct or take part on placing the data into activities. Beside dependable data, it must be noticed that perusers have the option to recognize what heftiness is and that what are its causes, how to forestall or have the option to â€Å"cure† it. Having all the extraordinary data, the snare factor ought to likewise be available in doing a proposition. Do the perusers concur or differ with what has been said and that whether the reader’s interests were appropriately tended to by the essayist.

Oedipus Rex By Sophocles Essays - Operas, Oedipus, Jocasta, Creon

Oedipus Rex By Sophocles In Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex Oedipus Even however destiny appears to decide Oedipus' life, . he does infact have a through and through freedom. His decisions breathed life into the prescience. Just his choices (not affected by anyone) he made. Obviously those choices were in side of the cutoff points set by destiny. When Oedipus heard a prediction that his going to murder his dad and lay down with his mother he fled, in any event, when he new there were doubts of him being the genuine child of his folks. There certain lines from the play: ...There was a man eating with us one day who had an excess of wine and man yelled at me-half alcoholic what's more, yelling that I was not properly called my dad's child. ... Without my parent's information, I went to Delphi, yet Apollo didn't state what I had gone to hear. Rather, he responded to questions I had not solicited and told from frightfulness and wretchedness past accept - how I would know my moms terrible ... what's more, cause the demise of my own dad. The prediction drove the Oedipus away from home; the fear of the expectations was an excessive amount to live with. Oedipus had a go at everything not to meet the prediction, and still when he came to Thebes and turned into a lord Oedipus wedded a more established woman. It was his decision, in any event, when he knew there was a peril of him to know moms awful, he made it. Oedipus' journey for truth was his decision. At the point when the Teiresias did whatever it takes not to uncover reality, The Oedipus was the one, who made the minister to talk: This city gave you life but you decline to reply! You talk as though you were her adversary. ... For the good of God, in the event that you know, don't get some distance from us! We are arguing. We are beseeching you. ... You will not tell? You beast! You could mix the stones of earth to a consuming fierceness! You will more up to date tell? What it will take? As the fact of the matter is getting uncovered: ... You, Oedipus, are the desecrator, the polluter of this land. Oedipus doesn't accept (his decision). He (Oedipus) begin to blame Creon for truing to remove his forces (ruler). Furthermore, still need to uncover entire truth. In the wake of conversing with Jocasta Oedipus faces that he in certainty may slaughtered the lord Laius. There was s envoy driving a carriage drawn by ponies and the man riding in the carriage ... The driver pushed. Out of frustration, I struck him. The old man saw it, went after his lash and held up till I had passed. At that point he struck me on the head. In any case, he paid-gracious yes he paid. ... I murdered him. What's more, again that was a decision, he (Oedipus) realized that he will murder his own dad, in any event, when he slaughtered an elderly person he didn't thought of plausibility, that the elderly person may be his father. Oedipus destiny was resolved before he was even conceived, and by attempting t o defeat it, he quite recording in his situation in life which is a forecast. Oedipus felt that he oversmarted the Gods, yet in reality each hello move he made drew him nearer to forecast turning into a reality. Oedipus Essay (Destiny) Sophocles Oedipus the King is a deplorable play which examines the deplorable disclosure of Oedipus that he has murdered his dad and hitched his mother. The tale of Oedipus was notable to the athenian's. Oedipus is the embodiement of the ideal Athenian. He is fearless, canny, and solid willed. Unexpectedly these are the very characteristics which achieve his shocking disclosure. Oedipus picked up the standard of Thebes by noting the enigma of Sphinx. Sophocles utilized the conundrum of the sphinx as a similitude for the 3 periods of Oedipus' life and to futher described him as a heartbreaking man. The Sphinx represented the accompanying conundrum to all who came to acquire the standard of thebes: What is it that strolls on 4 feet and 2 feet and 3 feet and has just one voice, when it strolls on most feet it is the most fragile? Oedipus effectively addressed Man furthermore, turned into the lord of Thebes. This question is an illustration for the life of Oedipus. As a kid man slithers on all fours this is the four feet to which the Sphinx alludes. Additionally man is at his most vulnerable as a little youngster. He depends exclusively on others for his sustenance and prosperity. Oedipus was

MIT Admissions Statistics 2007

MIT Admissions Statistics 2007 Probably the most popular questions asked at any information session are statistical. What is the average SAT score? How many students were admitted Early Action? Luckily, I can refer most folks to our website, where we offer a plethora of numbers for any statistical junkie. Recently, we updated the admissions statistics page for this years application cycle; well update the freshman class profile page closer to Registration Day. Heres a quick summary of what youll find Freshman Applications 12,445 Freshman Admits 1,553 Early action Applicants 3,493 Admitted 390 Deferred to regular action 2,638 Deferred applicants admitted during regular action 289 Regular action Applicants 8,952 Total considered during regular action (including deferred students) 11,590 Admitted (including deferred students) 1,163 Waitlisted 499 International students Applied 2,745 Admitted 119 Middle 50% score range of admitted students: SAT Reasoning Test Critical Reading [670, 770] SAT Reasoning Test Math [720, 800] SAT Reasoning Test Writing [670, 760] ACT Composite [31, 34] SAT Subject Test Math [730, 800] SAT Subject Test Science [700, 800]

MIT Admissions Statistics 2007

MIT Admissions Statistics 2007 Probably the most popular questions asked at any information session are statistical. What is the average SAT score? How many students were admitted Early Action? Luckily, I can refer most folks to our website, where we offer a plethora of numbers for any statistical junkie. Recently, we updated the admissions statistics page for this years application cycle; well update the freshman class profile page closer to Registration Day. Heres a quick summary of what youll find Freshman Applications 12,445 Freshman Admits 1,553 Early action Applicants 3,493 Admitted 390 Deferred to regular action 2,638 Deferred applicants admitted during regular action 289 Regular action Applicants 8,952 Total considered during regular action (including deferred students) 11,590 Admitted (including deferred students) 1,163 Waitlisted 499 International students Applied 2,745 Admitted 119 Middle 50% score range of admitted students: SAT Reasoning Test Critical Reading [670, 770] SAT Reasoning Test Math [720, 800] SAT Reasoning Test Writing [670, 760] ACT Composite [31, 34] SAT Subject Test Math [730, 800] SAT Subject Test Science [700, 800]

Value Chain Competitive Advantage - 1444 Words

Value Chain as Competitive Advantage If a firm sustain profits that exceed the industry average, said firm is said to have a competitive advantage. The goal of any given business strategy is to achieve a competitive advantage. Moreover, the goal of a successful business strategy is a sustainable competitive advantage. The question is how does a firm create that competitive advantage? According to Michael Porter, to achieve a competitive advantage, a firm must perform one or more value creating activities in a way that creates more overall value than competitors (1985). The purpose of this paper is to examine how the value chain creates competitive advantages. It will review the concepts of the value chain, the inter-relationship of these†¦show more content†¦Value Chain First suggested by Michael Porter, the value chain is defined as internal processes or activities a firm performs â€Å"to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product† (IMA, 1996, p.1). How the firm’s value chain performs its activities is a reflection of â€Å"its history, its strategy, its approach to implementing its strategy, and the underlying economies of the activities themselves† (p.1). Achieving a competitive advantage starts with a clear view of the current performance of the value chain. Porter’s value chain approach aid firms in identifying the areas in which they can derive the most benefit from analytics and operations research. By dividing the firm’s activities into two main categories (primary and support activities), a firm can analyze the interdependent activities as well as the linkages that connect these activities. According to Porter, â€Å"careful management of linkages is often a powerful source of competitive a dvantage because of the difficulty rivals have in perceiving them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Poppelaars, 2013). The net result of the value chain is the creation of margin potential which translates into a competitive advantage. Competitive Advantage Competitive advantages are created in several forms; differentiation, low costs or both. Differentiation refers to products or services with a perceived higher quality, fewer risks and outperforms competitor products. Differentiation strategies include cost leadership, customer experience,

Augustus Caesars Foreign Policy Defensive imperialism or aggressive conquest Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Example of wars of conquest includes the war with King Philip the 5th of Macedonia, and King Antiochus the 3rd of Syria. To fully understand the foreign policies of Augustus Caesar, it is important to understand the manner in which he took power in Rome. To become the 1st Roman Empire, Augustus Caesar had to exterminate all his potential rivals, and this includes Mark Anthony, the Roman general who served under Julius Caesar. Augustus Caesar had to convince the senate to wage war against Egypt under the leadership of Cleopatra. This was a war against Mark Anthony, mainly because Egypt was under his protection (Morley, 24). This was the first war of conquest that Mark Anthony initiated, and the aim was to conquer Egypt and exterminate all his rivals to the throne of Rome. It is important to denote that Augustus was successful in this initiative, and he managed to take Egypt, and upon his coronation as an Emperor, he made Egypt his special province that was not governed by a Governor, but by a special prefect appointed by him. This prefect was directly answerable to Caesar, and thus ensuring his absolute control of Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Augustus Caesar's Foreign Policy: Defensive imperialism or aggressive conquest or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is important to denote that Egypt was very special and important to Augustus, mainly because it had the treasures and resources that enabled him to pay his army. Barrett (462) explains that it was a rule that anytime the legions of Augustus Caesar conquered any place, these were able to invoke the name of his title, and called him the supreme commander. Through this law, Augustus Caesar wanted to be associated with every victory his soldiers were able to acquire. Roth (188) further explains that by the year 12 BC, Augustus Caesar managed to conquer at least 21 territories, and in all these territories, his armies proclaimed the title, supreme commander. Furthermore, Augustus was able to promote the concept that the ways of life of the Romans were superior when compared to other ways of life. Furthermore, the emperor believed that the Romans were given the task and duty of ruling the entire world (Wilkinson, 39). Fuhrmann (53) explains that Augustus believed that to rule the world, the Romans had to use strength. It is based on this philosophy that the armies of Augustus Caesar were encouraged and motivated to invade new areas that were not under the jurisdiction of the Roman Empire. Gibbon (53) explains that one of the major characteristics of a state that engages in an aggressive conquest is a tendency of developing policies aimed at making the citizens of the state under consideration as superior to the citizens of other states.

Investigating Staff And Children s Perceptions Of...

This research project will investigate staff and children’s perceptions of inclusion of children with special educational needs (SEN) across year three. It will consider whether the inclusive methods used by staff are effective, with reference to psychological theories, relevant legislation and recent research. The project will take place at a three form entry junior school where I am a teaching assistant. It will involve a range of school staff and pupils from Year Three. The enquiry will be based around perceptions gained through a range of interviews, questionnaires and observations. Therefore permission from the parents of the children involved will be required and informed consent given due to their age. Similarly, consent will be required from all adult participants involved. The effectiveness of inclusion will be measured by the extent to which participants feel children with SEN are included within the classroom setting. The researcher will take observations from a series of lessons, which will also be recorded. Another teaching assistant will then observe the recordings and give feedback to provide another viewpoint, or rather ‘investigator triangulation’, consequently reducing researcher bias (Thomas, 2013, p.146). This area of research is of particular interest to the researcher, firstly because inclusion is widely recognised by the National Curriculum. It highlights ‘A wide range of pupils have special educational needs’ and consequently, ‘Lessons should beShow MoreRelatedMadison Metropolitan School District18559 Words   |  75 Pagesnew strategies to render the values expressed in their practice more consistent with the educational values they espouse; record their work in a form which is readily available to and understandable by other teachers; and thus develop a shared theory of teaching by researching practice. - John Elliott What is Action Research? | Five Phases of Action Research | Starting Points | Data Collection: The 5 W s and an H | Writing Prompts for Classroom Action Researchers | Ideas for Your Final Write-upRead MoreHistory and Rolls of Law Enforcement in America10094 Words   |  41 Pagesresponses will incorporate knowledge of policing trends and issues gained throughout the course. Followed by a reaction summary. To understand today, you often have to look at yesterday. To grasp the challenges that contemporary policing faces, we need to explore a brief history of law enforcement in the Untied States. It is a story of a countries continuing struggle with law enforcement within a democracy. On the one hand we all want a professional police, with highly trained officers who willRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesin the glossary are applicable only to uniformed personnel. AR 690–600 contains similar terms that are applicable to Department of Defense civilians. Proponent and exception authority. The proponent of this regulation is the Deputy Chief of Staff, G–1. The proponent has the authority to approve exceptions or waivers to this regulation that are consistent with controlling law and regulations. The proponent may delegate this approval authority, in writing, to a division chief within the proponentRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesMeasurement, Analysis, and Review of Organizational Performance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Information and Knowledge Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 17 Category 5—Human Resource Focus 5.1 5.2 5.3 Work Systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Staff Learning and Motivation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Staff Well-Being and Satisfaction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 21 24 Category 6—Process Management 6.1 6.2 Health Care Processes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Support Processes and Operational Planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 29 Read More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 Pages4.1 4.2 Measurement, Analysis, and Review of Organizational Performance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Information and Knowledge Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 17 Category 5—Human Resource Focus 5.1 5.2 5.3 Work Systems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Staff Learning and Motivation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Staff Well-Being and Satisfaction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 21 24 Category 6—Process Management 6.1 6.2 Health Care Processes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Support Processes and Operational Planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 29 Category 7—ResultsRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesAdvancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care A Roadmap for Hospitals Quality Safety Equity A Roadmap for Hospitals Project Staff Amy Wilson-Stronks, M.P.P., Project Director, Health Disparities, Division of Quality Measurement and Research, The Joint Commission. 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Porter free essay sample

Porters Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entry There are many companies manufacturing and selling office products at an International level. New entrants can find it easy to enter and establish their position In the market by basing their strategy on low cost. The market offers growth opportunities to new entrants as well Indicating low entry barriers for the firms wanting to enter into the area of office products. Therefore It can be stated that Staples Inc Is operating In an Industry where the threat of new entry Is high. Buyer power The bargaining power of buyers Is determined In an Industry on the basis of the Influence that they can have on the price structure of the products of a firm. In case of organizations manufacturing office related products the issue they are facing is that few of the products that they are manufacturing are easily available in the market, such as stationery items. Staples Inc is dealing with medium organizations and fortune 1000 companies as customers of their products. They need to provide these organizations with a competitive price structure or the customers can shift to another company for the supply of office items. But the company also has an dvantage that it provides them with products that have unique designs and packaging. Therefore it can be stated that Staples Inc is operating in an industry where the customers have moderate bargaining power. Supplier Power There are many suppliers operating in the industry of office supplies and office related products. The large number of suppliers has resulted in low level of bargaining power of suppliers. The companies that are manufacturing the office related products can select the suppliers that offer them the most suitable package. In case of Staples Inc they have strong ties with their suppliers and are taking dvantage from a network of supply parties that maintain the effective flow of raw materials being supplied to the company. Threat of Substitutes There are many companies manufacturing office related products and offering them at a lower cost than the price charged by Staples Inc for their products. This situation has resulted in moderate level of threat of substitutes. In case If an organizations is not satisfied with the price structure offered by Staples Inc for their products, It can opt for other companies which are manufacturing slmllar products and charging less for them. Threat of Competitors The Industry In which Staples Inc Is operating In, It has many small and large scale companies. Therefore the Industry has a high level of threat of competitors. Staples Inc Is dealing with competitors such as Office Depot Inc OfficeMax Inc (Staples Inc TOP competitors, 2011). PESTEL Analysis Political Factors The political disturbance in US or in other countries of the world disrupts the supply and manufacturing process of Staples Inc. Other political factors such as changes in tne rules ana pollcles developed Dy OITTerent governments 0T tne world In wnlcn Staples Inc has its stores also have an impact on the profitability of the organization. Economic Factors Financial condition of a country has an influence on the price and purchase of the raw material, manufacturing of the number of products and buying behaviour of the people. Staples Inc also faced problems due to global financial crisis. Abelson (2008) has reported that due to the economic crisis, Staples Inc had to take steps such as decreasing the rate of capital investment for manufacturing of certain products which were facing low demand due to recession. One of the products that were ompromised on during economic downturn was office furniture, as the sales of these products had declined and customers were avoiding the purchase of these items. Social Factors Many organizations around the world have been trying to bring in changes in their set up and to participate in activities that are a reflection of corporate social responsibility. Staples Inc has also been focusing on participating in community building activities to create a positive image in the mind of the consumers. Staples Inc has been trying to share in the process of community development by providing unds for social causes and benefit of the people (What is Staples Soul, 2010). Technological Factors Staples Inc is a supplier of computer related products and also offers after sales services related to these products to the organizations that are their customers. Technological changes and advancements enable the company to bring in necessary modifications and provide its customers with the latest version of the computer and its related accessories. Technological factors have a significant impact on the production of Staples Inc as they can not only develop new product designs but also evelop low cost manufacturing means. Environmental Factors Many organizations around the world have been required to alter their business processes top meet the policies developed by the governments and environmental protection agencies. As stated by the annual report of the company, the Race to the Top strategy applied by the management of the company is a reflection of the efforts they have been putting in to obtain a competitive position in the market through effective business practices and environment friendly products (Staples, Inc Annual Report, 2010). Legal Factors Staples Inc is currently dealing with legal issues related to the lawsuits filed by its employees with the claim that the organization has been indulging in unjust business practices. For instance the company had to manage the case in which claim was made that it was not paying the workers with over time charges (Lawsuits: Staples Inc, 2007). Along with that the company has also been dealing with the patent issues. These issues not only portray a negative image of the company in front of the public but also require capital investment by the company.

Future of Environmental Pollution Essay Example

Future of Environmental Pollution Paper Environmental pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earths ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life. Pollutants may cause primary damage, with direct identifiable impact on the environment, or secondary damage in the form of minor perturbations in the delicate balance of the biological food web that are detectable only over long time periods. Until relatively recently in humanitys story, where pollution has existed, it has been primarily a local problem. The industrialization of society, the Introduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the human population, however, have caused an exponential growth in the production Of goods and services. Coupled with this growth has been a tremendous increase in waste by-products. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastes into waterways, the spewing of thousands of tons of particulates and airborne gases into the atmosphere, the throwaway attitude toward solid wastes, and the use of eely developed chemicals without considering potential consequences have resulted in major environmental disasters, including the formation of smog in the Los Angles area since the late sass and the pollution of large areas of the Mediterranean Sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Future of Environmental Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Future of Environmental Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Future of Environmental Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Technology has begun to solve some pollution problems (see pollution control), and public awareness of the extent of pollution will eventually force governments to undertake more effective environmental planning and adopt more effective antipollution measure Summary: In the previous project we was given some following points on environment pollution which are as given below- . Definition of pollution 2. Air pollution 3. Water pollution 4. Noise pollution Land pollution 5. Effects of pollutions 6. 7. Preventive measures 8. Conclusion Future of environmental pollution. ABSTRACT : Pollution occurs when chemicals and other foreign substances leech into the ground, air and water. These pollutants contain toxins that adversely impact ecosystems and the living creatures within them. Although environmental health and safety groups work to increase awareness of the danger pollution presents, if pollution continues at its current rate, the future effects could be vegetating to human populations and the environment. EXTINCTION : Pollution has an adverse impact on wildlife and will continue to do so well into the future. A 2004 report in New Scientist states that pollution is the primary cause of the extinction of various species of butterflies and other insects in Great Britain. Although pollution poses a threat to creatures on land, aquatic creatures may face an even greater danger. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, an estimated one to 1 1 percent of all marine species will fall into extinction every decade Beethoven 1975 and 2015. Water pollution comes from industrial and agricultural runoff and in addition to presenting a danger to aquatic life, water pollution also impacts humans since extinction of marine life adversely affects the food chain. Pollution occurs when chemicals and other foreign substances leech into the ground, air and water. These pollutants contain toxins that adversely impact HUMAN ILLNESS As pollutant levels increase, human exposure to toxins will also increase. The Environmental Protection Agency notes that exposure to pollutants is directly linked to cancer and heart disease. Air pollution is a primary problem in urban areas and for individuals who live near major roadways, since vehicles give off a high concentration of pollutants. As air pollution increases, researchers anticipate that the negative health effects Of exposure will also increase. GLOBAL WARMING Burning fossil fuels for energy, such as coal, oil and natural gas, releases carbon dioxide and other toxins into the Earths atmosphere. High carbon dioxide levels increase the airs temperature. According to the John Ray Initiative, this can cause the Earth s average temperature to rapidly change. The phrase greenhouse effect often has negative connotations. In reality, however, the greenhouse effect is a natural and beneficial process by which the Earths ozone prevents heat from escaping into the atmosphere. Because carbon dioxide causes the temperature on Earth to increase, the ozone layers ability to trap heat close to the surface can result in global warming as pollutant levels escalate. Pollution, due to its ability to cause illness in humans, can have a significant impact on the worlds economy. The World Health Organization notes that an increased rate of illness due to pollution places a financial strain on insurance companies, government-funded health orgasm and individuals themselves. In addition, the more individuals who fall ill, the less productive employees are present to perform the activities necessary to keep a business running. Students absent from school due to illnesses caused by pollution may miss educational opportunities they would have otherwise enjoyed further increasing the future economic hardships societies would face as a result of pollution. CONSIDERATIONS Much of the debate over the effects of pollution stem from the inherent uncertainty in climate change science. Nobody can predict what pollution leslies might look like in the next decade. Climate change models extrapolate data based on current trends and cannot give the future much weight. Essentially, the future effects of pollution require the predictor to make subjective assumptions about the future, which carries a great deal of variability. WARMING The idea that green house gas emissions will warm the earth significantly by 21 00 is one of the most widely accepted effects of pollution, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Although life needs greenhouse gases to warm the earth, too much warmth disrupts the life cycle. Exactly how this extra warmth will effect life remains uncertain. Current information provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change claim that global warming could wipe out 20 to 30 percent of earths species. FOOD SUPPLY Climate changes to the seasons could disrupt the worlds supply of food, according to the EPA. While food production might benefit from shorter cold seasons, this comes with an increase in severe weather like floods and droughts that ruin entire crops. Soil will likely benefit from increased carbon dioxide levels, but extreme rainfall patterns could negate this benefit. More request droughts will erode soil into dust and reduce arable land. RISE IN SEA LEVELS The EPA reports that the sea level rose about five inches during the 20th century. The International Panel on Climate Changes models predict the ocean level will rise between 0. 5 feet and two feet by the end of the 21st century. If the sea levels rise in accordance with EPIC estimates, a lot of current coast land will either erode away or fall below sea level. HUMAN HEALTH How the effects of pollution will impact the public will vary from region to region. The EPA estimates that major cities like Chicago and Los Angles will experience at least 25 percent more headwater. However, this heat could counteract the death from extreme cold spells. Parasites like mosquitoes thrive in warmer climates, which could mean more mosquito carried diseases like malaria. An increase in smog should also exacerbate respiratory illness.

What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay Example

What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay Example What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Paper What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Paper In the first century AD, the Stoic philosopher Epictetus observed that people are not disturbed by the events that happen, more so by the view that they take of them (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). The view a person takes of an event depends on their chosen orientation, and their orientation is influenced by their beliefs about their self in relation to the world (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). This is the theoretical origin of contemporary Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, one of the major orientations of psychotherapy deriving from cognitive and behavioural psychological models of human behaviour (Grazebrook and Garland, 2005). The earlier of the two approaches was behaviourism, created by JB Watson in 1919 when academic psychology was in its infancy. Watson believed psychology need only concern itself with overtly observable phenomena, not invisible thoughts and images (McLeod, 2003). One of the primary theories pioneered by behaviourists such as Skinner, Watson, Pavlov, Tolman and Thorndike was that all behaviour and beliefs must be learned, and controlled laboratory experiments proceeded to discover how they were learned (McLeod, 2003). Pavlovs (1927) Classical Conditioning model and Skinners (1938) Operant model of learning (Gross, 2005) were the first attempts made to turn behaviourism into therapy and provided the rationale for the Systematic Desensitisation Technique (McLeod, 2003) devised by Wolpe in 1958 (Gross, 2005). However, Tolman (1948) ran a series of experiments with laboratory rats and a maze, which led him to believe they had created a mental map of the maze introducing the study of internal mental events (or cognitions) to behaviourism (Gross, 2005). This new interest in cognition eventually led to the cognitive revolution and the limitations of the stimulus response analysis of human behaviour had in effect been reversed as the fixation of the introspectionists with inner, mental events or cognitions returned to govern psychology once again. This time however, allied to more sophisticated research methods than naive introspection (McLeod, 2003). During the 1960s and 1970s, two pioneering psychologists of psychoanalytic background, Ellis and Beck (respectively) became increasingly aware of the importance in the way the clients though about themselves. Ellis had evolved a more active style of therapy than the associated Cognitive therapy, which over time was renamed several times, but most recently known as Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). High levels of challenge and confrontation during therapy enabled the client to scrutinise their irrational beliefs or crooked thinking, which Ellis believed stemmed from seeing life in terms of musts or shoulds which he claimed were invariably exaggerated or overstated and the cause of most emotional problems (McLeod, 2003). Elliss (1962) ABC model of human disturbance has made a great impact on the progress and current popularity of cognitive-behaviour therapy (De Bernardi and Wirga, date not known). The A stands for the Actualising event. C stands for the emotional or behavioural consequence and between A and C comes B, the beliefs about the event. Events and the emotional consequences are determined by the belief about the event rather than the actual event (McLeod, 2003). Beck (1976) in his story of his conversion to cognitive therapy explained how after years of working in the psychoanalytic tradition, he was struck by the impact of the patients cognition on his feelings and behaviour. His theory postulates that incorrect habits of interpreting and processing date are learned during cognitive development. The basic concepts of cognitive therapy are fundamentals of contemporary CBT. The first of these concepts is that of schemas, cognitive structures of peoples fundamental beliefs and assumptions which can be adaptive of maladaptive (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Second are Modes, networks of cognition that interpret and adapt to ongoing situations (Beck and Weishaar, 2005). Another is that of cognitive vulnerability, humans cognitive frailty unique to each individual and based upon their schemas (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Dysfunctional beliefs embedded in to schemas contribute to another basic concept called cognitive distortion (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Becks Cognitive Distortion Model (1976) is the best known model of cognitive processing used by cognitive behavioural therapists. Perceptions of events become highly selective, egocentric and rigid when they perceive a situation as threatening causing impairment to the function of normal cognitive processing (McLeod, 2003). .Beck (1976) identified many different kinds of cognitive distortion including; arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralisation, magnification, minimisation and personalisation (McLeod, 2003). Beck described self critical cognitions as automatic thoughts, one of the keys to successful therapy. Automatic thoughts reflect schema content, deeper beliefs and assumptions which are less accessible to awareness (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Acquisition of schemas, automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions and the associated vulnerability to psychological distress, is the result of many factors such as; evolutionary, biological developmental and environmental. Many of these are common across individuals, however, each person has their own unique variations (Nelson-Jones, 2006). The therapeutic goals of cognitive therapy are to re-energise the reality testing system (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Also, to teach the client adaptive meta-cognition, which is the ability to change oneself and environment in order achieve therapeutic change (McLeod, 2003). This concept is central to the work of Ellis and Beck and has been widely researched in developmental psychology. Another therapeutic goal in cognitive psychology is to enable the client to become their own therapist, by providing skills for problem solving for example. Ellis (1962) and Beck (1976) led the way for many other clinicians and writers within the cognitive behavioural paradigm to further develop this (historically, most recent) approach to counselling with yearly contributions of new ideas and techniques being added (Dryden and Golden, 1986: Dryden and Trower, 1988; Dobson, 1988, Freeman et al, 1989). The term Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is now used to refer to behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy and to any therapy based upon the pragmatic amalgamation of the ideology of both cognitive and behavioural theories (Grazebrook and Garland, 2005). There are many facets to contemporary CBT as a result of the previously mentioned mass of regular contributions of new ideas and theories. There are however some key features comprehensively laid out by Grazebook and Garland (2005) as follows. CBT is based on scientific principles which research has proven effective for a wide variety of psychological disorders. A therapeutic alliance is formed between the client and counsellor to gain a shared view of problems in relation to the clients thoughts, feelings and behaviour, usually in relation to the here and now. This usually leads to the agreement of personalised and time limited therapy goals and strategies which the counsellor will continually monitor and evaluate with the client. The outcome of therapy is to focus on specific psychological and practical skills, through reflection and exploration of the meaning attributed to events and situations, and the re-evaluation of those meanings. The treatments are intrinsically empowering, aimed at enabling the client to tackle their problems by employing their own resources. Acquiring and using such skills is seen as the main target, the active component being promotion of change, in particular using homework to put what has been learned into practice between sessions. The client will hopefully accredit the improvement in their problems to their own efforts, with their alliance with the counsellor (Grazebook and Garland, 2005). One of the main differences between CBT and person centred therapy (PCT) is the therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client, which in cognitive behavioural therapy is characterised more as a psycho-educational rather than a medical one (McLeod, 2003). Less attention is paid to the quality of the relationship than to the technical aspects of the therapy although it is not believed to be unimportant. In CBT its is taken for granted that the relationship is necessary, Beck et al (1979) did stress the importance of warmth, accurate empathy and genuineness, but it is not believed to be sufficient to provide therapeutic change (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996) as professed by Rogers (1957) in his proposal of the six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change. In CBT there is a Therapist Client Rating Scale (Bennun et al, 1986) where the client can rate the therapist on three factors, positive regard/interest, activity/guidance, and competency/interest. The positive regard is one of Carl Rogers conditions, however, Rogers believed that the clients self-concept was affected by a lack of unconditional acceptance in life. The crucial aspect of UPR in person centred therapy is that the client more explore and express freely, without feeling they must do anything in particular to meet any specific standards of behaviour to earn positive regard from the therapist (Mulhauser, 2007), however, CBT is less concerned with insight and relinquishes the endless search for past hurts and teaches the client how to prevent negative thoughts from creeping into their minds (Langerth, 2007) through set tasks, agendas, and homework assignments (Nelson-Jones, 2006), Another difference between the two approaches is the lesser appreciation of the impact that the counsellors self has on therapy, and cognitive behavioural therapists are not expected to undergo personal therapy, even though the approach allows confrontation and challenging of the client (McLeod. 2006). The basic tenet of the CBT approach is to change the clients thinking which results in a change of behaviour and feelings, when this is directed by the therapist rather than self-directed (as in PCT) there are recurring themes in CBT of management, control and monitoring, particularly from the behavioural origins emphasising operant and classic conditioning (McLeod. 2006). An important task for early behaviourists was to discover how behaviour is learned. McLeod (2005) suggests that this might be due to the coinciding growth of the American advertising industry and the consequent need to control and manipulate consumer behaviour. Interestingly, Watson himself left his academic life to become an advertising executive (McLeod, 2003). In contrast, person centred therapy notes from the outset that the client is their own best authority the focus of PCT is always on the clients own feelings and thoughts, as opposed to judgement by the counsellor through diagnosis or categorisation (Mulhauser, 2007) such as Persons (1993) conceptualisation involves the counsellor devising a mini-theory of the clients problems (McLeod,2003). PCT typically does not give advice or interpretations as Rogers believed that people are trustworthy with a great potential for self awareness and self-directed growth (Cooper, 2007). Ellis (1973) actually claimed that there were virtually no legitimate reasons for a client to be upset, emotionally disturbed or hysterical, regardless of any psychological or verbal stimuli impinged on them. The implications for the therapeutic relationship when the counsellor believes the client is irrational might be considered concerning, by person centred counsellors or theorists who encourage clients to encounter themselves and become more intimate with their own thoughts, feelings and meanings (Mulhauser, 2007). Person centred counsellors aim to help the client develop a framework for understanding life, rather than aiming to fix people like Ellis implies (McLeod, 2006). The efficacy of CBT is a further contrasting aspect, as the approach prides itself on how its effectiveness is amply confirmed in research literature (McLeod, 2006). The philosophy of the Scientist-Practitioner model (Barlow et al, 1984) stresses therapists should integrate ideas of science with their practice, which through a wide array of techniques will provide counsellors with a rewarding sense of competence and potency (McLeod, 2003). CBT maintains a healthy respect for the value of research as means of improving practice, enabling practitioners to be critical and questioning, learning constructively from their colleagues (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). Person centred therapy however has a developed a reputation for being research aversive and counsellors steer from using evaluation tools on their clients or categorising them by predefined diagnostic measures. The NICE guidelines for mental health and behavioural conditions also indicate little evidence of controlled research on person centred therapy (Cooper, 2007). Cognitive behavioural therapy is brief and time limited, structured and directive in form, whereas person centred therapy is long term, non-directive and the client is the expert. CBT is problem/solution orientation and based on an educational model where homework is the central feature. PCT could be considered simply problem focused, based on feelings and emotions rather than thoughts and behaviour. A sound therapeutic method is necessary but not entirely sufficient in CBT, in contrast to Rogers claim of the relationship and unconditional positive regard being sufficient to provide therapeutic change. The Socratic method of questioning is a key feature of both CBT and PCT, using guided questioning to promote a change in self perception in order to achieve what is after all the main aim of both approaches to make the clients life happier and more satisfying.

Interstate Agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interstate Agencies - Essay Example However, is marred with controversy regarding their power position and role legitimacy. It proposes the need to explore the issue and reconcile the power position and legitimacy of the interstate agencies, and clear the air. The constitution provision, in this case, was written in 1787 and ratified in the subsequent year. Since then, the provision regulates the port’s administrative practices. The U.S. constitution is a combination of ideas and views from a significant number of American people and related document such as Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation (Peacock, 2008). Since the ratification of provisions in the constitution in 1787, there had been twenty seven amendments by 1992 (Evartt, 2003). Both groups engage in a debate until a common or general understanding is reached. The following is a verbatim derived from the articles in section 1regarding the establishment of the interstate agencies â€Å"Administrative agencies shall created by the federal Constitution, the U.S. Congress, state legislatures, and local lawmaking bodies to manage crises, redress serious social problems, or oversee complex matters of governmental concern beyond the expertise of legislators. †¦all legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, necessary-and-proper. †¦The Congress shall have power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers †¦ in any Department or Officer thereof." The ratification of the provision can be described as that which was achieved in a constitutional and conventional manner. Furthermore, as can be inferred from the above verbatim of the constitution stipulation, the approach was well set in achieving desirable governance. Indeed, it is arguable that every participating party had the

Federal Election Commission 558 U.S Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal Election Commission 558 U.S - Assignment Example As the report declares  apprehensive about the â€Å"possible civil and criminal penalties for violating  §441b,† it filed a â€Å"declaratory and injunctive relief,† claiming that  §441b is unconstitutional when applied to the said documentary and that the disclaimer, disclosure, and reporting requirements under BCRA, BCRA  §Ã‚ §201 and 311, were unconstitutional when â€Å"applied to Hillary and the ads†. With this, â€Å"the District Court denied Citizens United a preliminary injunction and granted appellee Federal Election Commission (FEC) summary judgment†.From this   paper it is clear that  the Court reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded. They considered the â€Å"continuing effect of the speech suppression† in the Austin case since the issue involves the application of  §441b to the Hillary. The Court overruled the Austin case stating that there is â€Å"no basis for allowing the Government to limit corporate indepen dent expenditures†. It ruled that such restrictions on expenditures under  §441b â€Å"are invalid and cannot be applied to Hillary†. Given this, the Court also overruled the part which â€Å"upheld BCRA  §203’s extension of  §441b’s restrictions on independent corporate expenditures†. However, â€Å"BCRA  §Ã‚ §201 and 311 are valid insofar as applied to the ads for Hillary and to the movie itself†.  The Court considered  §441b’s facial validity claiming that â€Å"any other course would prolong the substantial, nationwide chilling effect caused by  §441b’s corporate expenditure ban†.

Computer Crime Legislation in the UK

Computer Crime Legislation in the UK Computer crime is on the increase as there are many users of the internet and social-networking sites. Evaluate the extent to which relevant legislation has intended to serve as a deterrent to such offences. Since the launch of the computers in the mid 1970s, they have played a major role in todays society as it is impossible to live without a computer as most of us are so dependent on them. Computers is used in a number ways such as booking a flight, buying insurance, reading the news, communicating with other people. Another reason people use a computer is to commit crimes. Computer crime has risen at an alarming rate as people think they can be undetected and be anonymous. This is because it is easier to commit a crime in the cyber world than in the real world. When a crime is committed in the real world, physical evidence is always left behind such as blood and fingerprints. In the cyber world there isnt any physical evidence. The thought of their tracks would not be traced, however they are mistaken as tracking down an IP address has become easy to track making it hard for criminals to stay invisible while they are online. An IP address is short for internet protocol address and this identifies a computer on network. The IP addresses are based on the networks that use the TCP/IP protocol. Various activities are committed by not just by criminals but ordinary people as well. These activities would consist of crimes linked to child pornography such as downloading images, stealing identities, hacking to other account to gain information for the third pa rty, creating a virus and money frauds are known to become easier by the use of computers. Credit card numbers, personal id information can also be targeted by programmed automated software. People commit these crimes as they have a thrill of taking advantage of a computer system. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a common form of attack on computers. This process involves criminals can have controlled access to multiple computers and use them to attack a number of targets or one target. Another form of attack is malicious software (malware). This consists of software that allows criminal to have full control of a system and allowing the malware creator to do whatever they want. The malware can be a number of things such as a virus, worm, Trojan, adware, spyware and a root kit. A virus is the most serious form of attack. This consists the virus affecting the computer or other electronic devices that are passed by other user activity e.g. an email attachment being opened. http://www.seas.ucla.edu/2011, http://www.webopedia.com/2013 As computer crime has risen, the cost of cyber crime is also a threat to the government and the nation. According to the Cabinet office, cyber crime in the UK costs  £27bn a year. These costs are made up of  £21bn to businesses; which is more than the offices annual budget,  £2.2bn to the government and  £3.1bn to public. Baroness Neville-Jones the Security minister stated in a briefing the government was determined to work with industry to tackle cyber crime. At the moment, cyber criminals are fearless because they do not think they will be caught The Police and Justice act 2006 is an act of parliament in the UK. Part 5 of the act the miscellaneous section under chapter 48 introduced the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA). The Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA) was passed in 1990 and is part of the UK Parliament. The principle of the act to is frame legislation and controls any activity linked to computer crime and internet fraud. The act was introduced to deal with issues that have occurred by the misuse of computers. The act are based on three offences that cover Unauthorized access to computer material unauthorised access to a computer with intent to commit or facilitate the commission or a further offence and unauthorised modification of computer material The first act Unauthorised access to computer material even though there isnt any physical damage, its an offence when a person is found guilty of using any computer material without permission which makes it illegal. An example of this would be the case of R v Astrid Curzon. Curzon 49 was found guilty of gaining access to a schools email system. She gained access from her home and therefore found private emails from the head teacher to staff members. The email contained discussions about employment of other staff members. Another example of this would be the case of DPP v Bignell [1998]. Two police officers already had access to the police national computer (PNC) that is only used for police purposes. The pair asked the computer operator who used to the computer to obtain information from the DVLA through the police national computer without knowing it was for their own pleasure purposes. The divisional court had stated that the two polices officers didnt commit a crime under section 1 Unauthorized access to computer material. the divisional court believe that the two police officers didnt commit a crime and their conclusions were right, as the decision wasnt over ruled by the House of Lords in Bignell. It was a possible view of the facts that the role of the officers in Bignell had merely been to request another to obtain information by using the computer. The computer operator did not exceed his authority. His authority permitted him to access the data on the computer for the purpose of responding to requests made to him in proper form by police officers. No offence had been committed under section 1 of the CMA. In a more recent article in the Daily Mail online(PUBLISHED: 05:00, 17 December 2012) Hollywood stars Scarlett Johansson, Mila Kunis and Christina Aguilera computer was hacked by Christopher Chaney 36, was arrested for wiretapping and unauthorised access when he hacked into their email accounts. He managed to gain access by using Google and then using the i got forgot my password button. He tried a number of combinations of names and then he reset account passwords by finding pet names, where they were born, and the name of their schools. The most serious incident when Chaney posted nude photographs of Johansson and her then husband all over the internet. The second act unauthorised access to a computer with intent to commit or facilitate the commission or a further offence as stated in the first act no actual physical damage to the computer material. Using the system without permission would make it illegal and committing a on the system would be illegal too. This act mainly covers actions such as using email contents for blackmail. An example of these would be the case of R v Delamare [2003] the defendant was working in bank and was offered  £100 to use the banks computer systems to gain information of other bank details. The third act unauthorised modification of computer material an example of this act would be the case of R v Pavel Cyganok and Ilja Zakrevski [2012].( published 2 July 2012 Last updated at 11:23 2 July) Cyganok and Zakrevski were arrested and convicted of masterminding hi-tech crimes. The pair used a SpyEye Trojan to obtain login details for online accounts. The stolen data was then uploaded to servers which the pair had access to.  £100,000 of the stolen money was stolen and laundered through online accounts allowing criminals to access. The acts are associated with penalties for both individuals and groups of people that are part of a gang. The penalties can be severe for breaching the three offences. The penalties are varied based on what act have been breached. Each of the offences are divided into summary penalties a trail without a jury and an indictment penalties a trail with a jury. In the first act if the individual was found guilty the summary conviction in England and Wales the prison sentence would be a term of 12 months or a fine up to the statutory maximum ( £5000) or both. On a conviction, the prison sentence would be of two years that shouldnt be exceeded or a fine or both. In the second act, the summary conviction is a prison sentence of 6 months or a fine that is not allowed to be exceeded the statutory maximum or both. On a conviction, the prison sentence would be term of five years or a fine or both. In the third act, if the individual was found guilty the summary conviction would be prison sentence of one year or a fine that is not allowed to be exceeded the statutory maximum or both. On a conviction, the prison sentence would be 10 years or a fine or both. Section 35 of the Police and Justice 2006 had amended the Computer misuse act 1990. The amended act looks at new offences which offences 1 and 2 are now combined together into a new offence. A new offence was added into the act 3a offence. This affect took place on 1st October 2008. The three new offences are as follows: Unauthorised access to computer materials (hacking), Carrying out unauthorised acts in relation to a computer and Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences. The penalties were also added to the new offences. The police and justice act increased the penalties for the first offence unauthorised access to computer material. The computer misuse act can be compared to other laws and legislations. The Computer Crime Act (CCA) was passed in 1997 is an act of the Malaysian government introduced the legal framework to ease the growth of ICT systems called Cyber laws of Malaysia. The act was given a Royal Assent on June 18, 1997 but didnt come into force on June 1, 2000. This act was introduced purpose of protecting consumers and people that provide a service. The act also protects online businesses and owners of intellectual property. The act was designed to stop offences as computers are misused in a number of ways, as this was added to other existing criminal legislation. The Computer Crime Act and the Computer Misuse Act do have a number of similarities in the case of the three offences; however it differs in more ways. As the Computer Misuse Act as the three offences, the computer crime act looks at a wider range of offences. The CCA looks at the understanding of computers, the computer network, output, c omputer data and the functions it uses. The act looks at computer programs and premises. The definition of a computer in CCA is summarised as any electronic devices that are programmable and has the ability to store data. The CCA looks at more severe penalties compared to the CMA. For the first offence, unauthorised access to computer material the Malaysian law states that if the individual were found guilty the prison sentence would be a maximum sentence that shouldnt be exceeded five years and or a fine of not exceeding RM 50,000 ( £10,273,45) for the 2nd offence, the Malaysian law states for the offence of unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences if the individual were found guilty the prison sentence would be a maximum sentence ten years that shouldnt be exceeded and or a fine not exceeding RM 150,000( £30,820,35). For the 3rd offence unauthorized modification of the contents of any computer the Malaysian law states that if the individual was found guilty the prison sentence would be not exceeding seven years and or a fine not exceeding RM 100,000( £20, 546, 90) On a liable prison sentence not exceeding ten years if the act was intentionally brok en and or a fine not exceeding RM 150,000, which is the equivalent to ( £30, 820, 35)   The computer misuse act can also compared to the American law the Computer fraud and abuse act 1986. The act was passed by the united congress. The act is a federal legislation that is aimed to restrict computer crimes that come under the federal jurisdiction.the whole purpose of the act was to strengthen, widen, and clarify to protect computer systems from vandalism. The act also includes the usage of virus and programs that have been intended to destroy a computer system. The law prevents the unauthorized access of any computer system and the obtainment of classified government information. http://ecommerce.hostip.info.2013 Comparing to The Computer Misuse Act and The Computer Crime Act (CCA) 1997, the Computer fraud and abuse act 1986 has more severe penalties. If the individual were guilty of physical damage to a computer system, the prison sentence would be a term of 20 years that shouldnt be exceeded and the fine reaching $250000 ( £155,870.00). Under this law, Prosecutors are challenged to prove that the defendant intentionally caused damages to a computer. The other acts are not so severe than this act.   Even though the computer misuse act is in place, the act still does not stop criminals from committing an offence. In the BBc news online (4 July 2011 Last updated at 19:24 ) The crimes are committed as people want to gain information and sell to a third party. In 2011 it was reported back in 2002 the News of the World newspaper had hacked in to Milly Dowler mobile phone and had listened to the voicemails and then deleted the messages. Later the news of the world was forced to shut down the paper after the hacking scandal as they had admitted interfering with teenagers phone. The victims family and friends said it gave them false hope that she was still alive and Milly had deleted the messages herself. By the time the messages were deleted. By this time, the teenager was already murdered. The hacking was classed as an unlawful interception of communications. This comes under Section 1 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. In an article in the Daily Mail online, (PUBLISHED: 02:08, 9 June 2012 ) 11,000 people are believed to hunted by the police for using a service of a cyber-crime gangs website that offered false identification and tips on how to commit a crime. The gang had cloned a number the identities of people who a high credit rating. Pay slips bank statements, passports and driving licenses was also sold to the gangs members. The website also offered other services such as different tiers of access as the users where trusted to use the website. One of the services included a platinum profile that cost  £5,500 that came with instructions on how to commit identity fraud. For  £2,000, Confidential Access (CA) offered a 100% Creditmaster profile, which was exclusive to VIP members of the website. The website was claimed to worth be  £200million and had a turnover of  £11m between 2004 and 2008. The paying customers paid from around  £50 for a utility bill to  £800 for a set of three year s professionally sealed. Detective Inspector Tim Dowdeswell said: This was a sophisticated operation which has netted millions of pounds over the years. These cyber criminals not only provided the tools to commit fraud, they instructed their clients in how to use them to make the maximum amount of money, whilst ruining real peoples credit histories into the bargain. We have already brought many of their students in crime to court and will continue to work with other police forces and partners to bring those people who bought and used these identities in their own frauds to justice.   Concluding this essay, computer crime will still be on the increase. Crimes will be committed depending what the motivation is such as greed and pleasurable need. The Computer misuse act 1990 has a number of flaws as it failed in the case of DPP v Bignell [1998] as the prosecutor felt that no crime was committed under section 1 of authorised access. The police national computer (PNC) was used when a police officer obtained information for their own pleasurable needs, even though police officers had access to the PNC. The Computer misuse act 1990 should not have failed, as the police national computer should be used for policing only. Another way it can fail is the source of the crime such as the IP address and hackers would find ways and use another IP address to avoid them getting caught. I do believe that the computer misuse act can work as a deterrent, as it has a high knowledge that projects any computer system that involves criminating activities. The act helps to keep people safe and their personal information safe too. My views on the Computer misuse act 1990 that their punishment should be severe as the Computer fraud and abuse act 1986. I say this because i feel with a harsher punishment people will learn their lesson on not to commit a crime. If an individual served a 12 month prison sentence with a small fine, they would be tempted to commit another crime as they would feel that their punishment was not harsh enough. My recommendations would be that the Computer misuse act 1990 should have harsher punishments matching up to the penalties of the Computer Misuse Act and the Computer Crime Act (CCA) 1997. I also believe that the government should have more power over the individuals who commit crime as 27bn was wasted on computer crimes. I also i believe that the act should at other aspects and not focusing on three sections. If prosecutors are dealing with computer crime cases, they themselves should have an understanding of the act and not allow anymore cases to be dismissed. References BBC News News of the World hacked Milly Dowler phone. 2013. BBC News News of the World hacked Milly Dowler phone. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14017661. [Accessed 29 December 2012]. Cyber-criminal fraud gang who lived lavish lifestyles jailed for multi-million pound ID scam | Mail Online. 2013. Cyber-criminal fraud gang who lived lavish lifestyles jailed for multi-million pound ID scam | Mail Online. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2156724/Cyber-criminal-fraud-gang-lived-lavish-lifestyles-jailed-multi-million-pound-ID-scam.html. [Accessed 19 December 2012] Christopher Chaney: Computer hacker who leaked nude photos of Scarlett Johansson is sentenced to 10 years in prison | Mail Online. 2013. Christopher Chaney: Computer hacker who leaked nude photos of Scarlett Johansson is sentenced to 10 years in prison | Mail Online. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2249693/Christopher-Chaney-Computer-hacker-leaked-nude-photos-Scarlett-Johansson-sentenced-10-years-prison.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] The cost of cyber crime | Cabinet Office. 2011. The cost of cyber crime | Cabinet Office. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/cost-of-cyber-crime. [Accessed 19 December 2012] Bobby Stocks 2013. Why Do People Commit Computer Crimes? | eHow.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/about_4709031_do-people-commit-computer-crimes.html. [Accessed 19 December 2012] What is IP address? An IT Definition From Webopedia.com. 2013. What is IP address? An IT Definition From Webopedia.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IP_address.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] Malicious Software. 2011 Malicious Software. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.seas.ucla.edu/security/malware.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] What is DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack? A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary. 2013. What is DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack? A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DDoS_attack.html. [Accessed 20 December 2012] Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of (1986) Information, Law, System, and Damage . 2013. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of (1986) Information, Law, System, and Damage . [ONLINE] Available at: http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/248/Computer-Fraud-Abuse-Act-1986.html. [Accessed 21 December 2012] CyberCrimes: Computer Crime Act 1997. 2009. CyberCrimes: Computer Crime Act 1997. [ONLINE] Available at: http://cybercrimes09.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/computer-crime-act-1997.html. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Computer Misuse Act 1990: not yet in force: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service. 2013. Computer Misuse Act 1990: not yet in force: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/computer_misuse_act_1990/#an07. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. IMPACT ®:The amended Computer Misuse Act: IMPACT guide to the essentials. 2006 IMPACT ®: The amended Computer Misuse Act: IMPACT guide to the essentials. [ONLINE] Available at: http://impact.freethcartwright.com/2006/11/a_while_ago_we_.html. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Former beauty queen spied on headteachers email (From Swindon Advertiser). 2012. Former beauty queen spied on headteachers email (From Swindon Advertiser). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/9881311.Former_beauty_queen_spied_on_headteacher_s_email/. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. Computer Frauds Unauthorised Access + Intent + Modification. 2012. Computer Frauds Unauthorised Access + Intent + Modification. [ONLINE] Available at: http://legal.practitioner.com/regulation/standards_9_3_22.htm. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. BBC News Online bank robbers face jail time for e-crimes. 2012. BBC News Online bank robbers face jail time for e-crimes. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18672068. [Accessed 10 January 2013]. INTERNET COMPUTER CRIME. 2013.. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.stjohnsbuildings.com/resources/s/n/4/ComputerCrimeNotes.pdf. [Accessed 10 January 2013].

The Effect of Telecommunications Technology on our Work and Play :: Technology Impact Technological Essays

Cell phones have changed the atmosphere of our workplaces, making them more escapable physically, yet at the same time making them less escapable mentally. Enhanced with other phone services such as caller ID, call forwarding, and answering machines they have created whole new sets of contacting games between employee's and their co-workers. They have made our roads more dangerous, yet having them in our cars has made it easier to call a tow truck when you're stranded, or to call a radio station to report gridlock. The same person that uses their phone in line at the store to get the advantage over the unreachable employee to gain status at the office, also loses status in the community due to the snickering behind them in line. The recent telecommunications improvements provide an opportunity for the appealing psuedo-self-employed aspects of telecommuting. For parents, cell phones have eliminated the excuses of the late night returning child when asked 'Why didn't you call?" Cell ph ones have obviously intruded into our lives in more ways than we even realize at first glimpse, while making a great deal of things we do much easier. In this paper I will attempt to expand on how these changing relationships effect our always stressed out society. Wireless Communications is in the grand scheme of technological development, a rather recent event. But the quickness to which the market of cellular phones has expanded shows that some people have definitely embraced it as a positive. The graph on the following page shows the rapidity of America's love affair with the cell phone. Radio Telephone technology started in 1977 when Motorola, American Radio Telephone, and AT&T were licensed by the FCC to develop a high capacity radio telephone system for shortwave radio bands. In 1978 AT&T began the first radio telephone system test operations in Chicago. The Japenese inaugurated the first commercial cellular telephone system in Tokyo in 1979. In the United States, the Federal Communications commission authorized commercial cell phones in 1982 and the first system was set up by Ameritech in Chicago the following year. AT&T and Motorola followed in 1984 with their own systems in New York and Washington D.C.. The amount of customers and potential customers rapidly expanded and by 1990 there were systems in place, or close to being completed in every market in the United States. As the graph shows the early 1990's gave way to an exponential growth in ownership of cell phones especially as the new digital lighter weight phones became available in 1992.

Goal Setting and Strategies Worksheet Essay

Review this week’s resources (for example SMART criteria, and the Career Plan Building Activities). Respond to the following in 50 to 100 words each: 1. Describe one academic goal that you have created using the SMART criteria. How do SMART criteria contribute to your academic goals?. My academic goal would be finishing college. SMART contributes to my goal by helping me set standards, revising my goal, and goals from the lest important to the most important. Then decideing if it is a long-term goal, or short-term goal. How to make a stradegy. It helps to put things into perspective on how you choose to accomplish your goals. 2. Describe one professional/career goal you have created using the SMART criteria and Career Plan Building Activities results. How did the results of the Career Interest Profiler and Career Plan Building Activity on Competencies contribute to your professional goal development?One of my Career goals that I created using the SMART would be finishing school, setting out to geat a great job. The way that career profiler and career plan building activity contributed to my goal was by visualizing my goal, giving me that thought process to take on old and new career goals. That motivation, that staying focused mentality, 3. Describe the stress and time-management strategies you have learned this week that will help you achieve your goals. The stress and time-management strategies I have learned this week would be to stay focused, stay motivated. Decide how to accomplish your goal in a reasonable time, as in keep your set goal, Set a time when your goal will be accomplished, give yourself room to breath, meaning time to accomplish this goal, do not over welhem yourself. 4. Describe how you will balance academic expectations and your personal and professional responsibilities. I will Balance my academic expectations, by setting aside time. Preparing a schedule to make time for my academics. Speak with my family about setting up times or days to communicate with each other if things are getting to complicated with my personal life just let them know that I am there always. Professional wise just staying on top of things if my job is demanding more hours, well then I will have to improvise my schedule. 5. How can understanding the importance of SMART criteria and your career interests and competencies help you move towards your career and academic goals? They can help me view situations more easily by setting standards, staying motivated keeping my mind on what needs to be done. Helping me realize what kind of time-managemnet I need to accomplish these goals. Setting aside personal, and professtional life. It has given me a better out look on reaching my academic goal. How I can keep things going smoothly.

Detective Fiction And Crime Fiction - 1511 Words

Detective fiction has often been perceived as a lesser form of literature. Many scholars believe that detective fiction is below average in quality and does not offer much more beyond entertainment. Time and time again detective fiction has been belittled for its quality of literature, being place below other genres. Some scholars have come to the defense of detective fiction. Scholar R. Austin Freeman stated, â€Å"The status of the whole class has been fixed by an estimate formed from inferior samples† (Freeman) and this is true. Detective fiction has been plagued with average works, however, it does offer more than just a story about crime. Detective fiction can be used as a medium to comment on social issues. Early in the 20th century, the United States was still battling an epidemic of racism and violence towards african-americans. Continual incidents of lynchings, beatings, and verbal abuse barraged the african-american community. During this time period, detective fict ion was used to comment on this racial inequality by pushing for equality through underlying themes in stories. Detective fiction offered works that were extremely progressive in regards to their comments on racial inequality. â€Å"Talma Gordon† written in 1900 by Pauline Hopkins is a testament to that. The story begins with a group of upper class men having a discussion in the Canterbury Club in Boston. The men are discussing their views on interracial marriage. Many in the club hypothesized that interracialShow MoreRelatedThe Mystery Of Detective Fiction1648 Words   |  7 PagesDetective Fiction exists as one of the most popular fiction genres of all-time. Detective fiction uses facts and other details to solve a mystery which surrounds a perplexing murder in a novel. Many people gain excitement over a challenge or a test of knowledge when solving a puzzle. 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